Alkaline cell battery and method for manufacture thereof

ABSTRACT

This invention relates to a cell construction for alkaline batteries, to alkaline batteries utilizing such cells and to methods for the manufacture thereof. Each cell has a positive electrode, a negative electrode in the form of a paste contained within a sealed bag, and a dielectric positioned at least between the electrodes. The electrodes and dielectric are sealed within a flexible package and a pointed conductor is provided which is electrically connected to the positive electrode of the cell, extends therefrom, and is adapted to pierce the package and negative electrode bag of an adjacent cell to make electrical contact with the negative electrode paste of such cell when the cells are pressed together to form a battery. The invention provides improved sealing between the cells by inhibiting the denting of the packaging and negative electrode bag prior to piercing by use of a stiff supporting plate mounted to the negative electrode side of the cell. This plate may be mounted inside or outside the cell cover and is adapted to be pierced by the pin when the cells are pressed together. A suitable adhesive such as hot melt glue may be provided to secure the plate to the cell and to seal the openings caused when the pin pierces the various layers.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to alkaline batteries and more particularly toflat cell alkaline batteries of the type where each cell isvacuum-sealed and the cells of the batteries are connected by having apin or other pointed conductor, which is connected to the positiveelectrode of one cell, pierce the vacuum-sealed package of the adjacentcell to make contact with the negative electrode thereof.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Alkaline batteries of a desired voltage may be formed from a pluralityof series-connected cells. One technique which has been used for formingsuch batteries is to vacuum seal a positive electrode, a dielectric, anda negative electrode in a plastic package to form a single battery cell.The negative electrode is typically formed of a pasty mixture ofamalgamated zinc powder, potassium hydroxide solution, and a jellingagent sealed in a plastic bag. One method for interconnecting such cellsto form a battery is to provide a pin or other pointed conductor whichis electrically connected to the positive electrode of the cell andwhich projects through the vacuum-sealed plastic package on the positiveelectrode side of the cell. When the cells are stacked to form abattery, they are stacked with the negative electrode side of one celladjacent to the positive electrode side of the next cell. As the cellsare pressed together, the pointed conductor of one cell pierces thepackage and negative electrode bag of the adjacent cell to effect aseries electrical connection between the cells. A battery of this typeis described in greater detail in UK Pat. No. 2,097,574 and variousmodifications to this basic construction are discussed in U.S. Pat. Nos.4,505,996; 4,525,439; and 4,554,226.

While batteries constructed in accordance with the teachings of thepatents indicated above may provide satisfactory results, there is abasic drawback in the design of these batteries which has causedproblems in industrial production. These problems result from the factthat the plastic foil covering the cell, which may for example be alaminate of polyamide and polyethylene, is a pliable and tough material.This material resists piercing of the contact pin or other pointedconductor. Some resistance to piercing is also provided by the bagenclosing the negative electrode. This results in the plastic foilcovering, the bag, and the adhesive or other sticky material utilizedfor sealing the opening, being dented and deformed by the pin beforepiercing or breakthrough occurs. As a result, a thin sheath-like layeris formed about the contact pin by the adhesive and the various piercedmaterial layers when the pin pierces into the negative electrode paste.This layer may provide an insulating cover over a substantial part ofthe surface of the contact pin which may completely prevent electricalcontact from being made or may substantially limit the area of thiscontact and thus adversely effect the capacity of the battery.

Further, the denting of the cover layers before piercing occurs causesthe soft, pasty mix of the negative electrode to yield, a pit thus beingformed in the negative electrode mass as it is radially pushed outwardfrom the penetration point. The various layers being pierced sagcorrespondingly, resulting in a pattern of radial grooves being formedin these layers at the moment of breakthrough. When breakthrough finallyoccurs, these grooves may remain as air channels directed from thecontact pin outwards. Such channels may even reach the air outside thebattery if the insulation between the cells is uneven or has anydiscontinuity or if the cells are not absolutely parallel to each other,or the pin bends slightly so that the pin enters the pierced cell at aslight angle rather than perpendicularly. The denting of the piercedlayer prior to breakthrough may also cause the hole formed in theselayers to be somewhat jagged rather than cleanly-cut around the pin,making it far more difficult for the resulting opening to be sealed bythe adhesive or other sealing layer provided between the cells.

Since the electrolyte of alkaline batteries, such as alkaline-manganesebatteries, has a tendency to creep on metallic surfaces (the MarangoniEffect), over time electrolyte from the pierced cell will tend to oozealong the metal contact pin to the radial grooves. In the assembledbattery, the cells are subject to a pressure forcing them tightlytogether, which may gradually cause the alkaline electrolyte to creepalong the grooves and between the plastic covers of the two cells out ofthe battery. The loss of electrolyte adversely effects the capacity ofthe battery, and reduces both its shelf life and active life. It hasbeen found that the process described above begins to take place withina few hours at temperatures of +71° C., the temperature used ininternational quality tests.

In addition to permitting the escape of electrolyte, the channels mayalso permit carbon dioxide, which is always present in the surroundingatmosphere, to enter the cell, thereby reacting with the electrolyte andproducing alkali metal carbonate crystals which expand the leakage pathsof the electrolyte from the cell. This causes deterioration indeliverable energy from the battery, and is another potential problemwith existing designs.

Finally, to the extent there is difficulty in properly sealing theenlarged hole formed as a result of the denting of the pierced layers,electrolyte may flow along the contact pin into the adjacent cell,partially shorting the two cells and further reducing the outputcapacity of the battery.

A need therefore exists for an improved construction for alkalinebatteries and the cells thereof which prevents the denting of the coverlayers prior to penetration, and thus (i) permits a contact pin to enterthe negative electrode paste without a covering insulating layer, thusmaking good electrical contact therewith; (ii) prevents pitting of thenegative electrode paste so that it makes good physical and electricalcontact with the pin; (iii) provides a clean, easily sealable hole inthe pierced layers; and (iv) prevents formation of grooves in thepierced layers through which electrolyte may seep out and carbon dioxidecontaining air may enter the cell.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with the above, this invention provides a cell for analkaline battery of the type having a positive electrode, a negativeelectrode in the form of a paste contained within a sealed bag, adielectric positioned at least between the electrodes, a flexiblepackage in which the electrodes and dielectric are sealed, and a pointedconductor connected to the positive electrode of the cell and adapted topierce the package and negative electrode bag of an adjacent cell tomake electrical contact with the negative electrode paste of such cellwhen the cells are pressed together. The invention involves a structurefor providing a seal for the pierced cell, which structure includes ameans operative for inhibiting denting of the negative electrode bag andthe package adjacent thereto of the pierced cell by the pointedconductor when the cells are pressed together and means for mounting theinhibiting means to the negative electrode side of the package. Forpreferred embodiments, the inhibiting means is a supporting plate of asubstantially stiff nonconducting material, such as a plastic, which maybe easily punctured by the pointed conductor. Preferably, an adhesivelayer is provided between the plate and the package for securing theplate to the package, the adhesive layer also performing a sealingfunction. The adhesive layer, which is preferably a hot melt glue, maybe applied to both sides of the plate which may be positioned betweenthe two cells, the two adhesive layers securing the cells together andsealing against any leakage. The plate may either be mounted outside thepackage as described above, or may be mounted inside the package.

Two or more cells of the type indicated above may be mounted in a stackwith the pointed conductor of one cell of each adjacent pair of cellspiercing the negative electrode bag and adjacent package of the othercell of the pair to form an alkaline battery. The battery would includemeans for making electrical connection to the pointed conductorextending from the cell at one end of the stack and a means for makingelectrical connection to the negative electrode of the cell at the otherend of the stack.

Alkaline batteries of the type indicated above may be fabricated bystacking the negative electrode, dielectric and positive electrode in aplastic cup-shaped container, vacuum-sealing the cell container with aplastic top and mounting the pointed conductor, either before or afterthe vacuum sealing step, to be in electrical contact with the positiveelectrode and to project through the plastic top. The three stepsindicated above result in the forming of a battery cell. Adhesive iscoated as a continuous layer or at selected intervals on both sides of astiff plastic material fed from a roll, the plastic material is cut tosuitable lengths, for example substantially midway between each pointwhere adhesive is coated, to form the support plates, a support plate ismounted to the side of each cell opposite the side from which thepointed conductor projects (i.e. to the negative conductor side of thecell), and a predetermined number of the cells are stacked with thepointed conductor of one cell adjacent to the supporting plate side ofthe next cell, the stacking being performed with sufficient pressure tocause the pointed conductor of each pair of adjacent cells to pierce thesupporting plate, plastic top and negative electrode bag of the adjacentcell.

The foregoing and other objects, features and advantages of theinvention will be apparent from the following more particulardescription of preferred embodiments of the invention as illustrated inthe accompanying drawings.

IN THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a side sectional view of an alkaline battery cell inaccordance with a first embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 2 is a top view of a supporting plate suitable for use in theembodiment of the invention shown in FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 is a side sectional view of a second embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 4 is a side view partially in section of a four-cell batteryutilizing the cells of FIG. 1.

FIGS. 5A-5E are various views illustrating certain steps in thefabrication of a battery of the type shown in FIG. 4.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Referring to FIG. 1, the positive electrode of the cell is of standardconstruction of the type shown in the prior art patents previouslydiscussed, and may, for example, consist of a hard-pressed mass tablet1, of for example MNO₂, an electrically conductive, water repellant,carbon mix layer 2, and a steel plate 3 to which is welded a steelconductor pin 4. The distal end of the pin comes to a sharp point. Acover plastic foil 5 is provided over the positive electrode and isvacuum-sealed to cup 9 of a plastic foil to form the cell package. Athin layer of an insulating paste 6, such as for example a sticky latexbitumen or hot melt glue, is provided between plate 3 and foil layer 5.Layer 6 seals the positive end of the cell, preventing electrolyte fromgetting access to and leaking through the point where pin 4 penetratescover foil layer 5.

The negative electrode 7 is a paste of amalgamated zinc powder, KOHsolution and a jelling agent such as CMC. This paste is formed inaccordance with known alkaline battery technology and is enclosed withina flat bag 7' of uniform thickness and known design. Bag 7' may forexample be a heat-sealable plastic fibre foil bag of the type discussedin connection with FIG. 6 of U.S. Pat. No. 4,487,821. Positioned on bothsides of electrode bag 7' are cup-formed layers 8 of anelectrolyte-absorbing felt material such as rayon, which is reinforcedwith polypropylene fibers. The layers 8 are saturated with a suitablealkaline electrolyte such as an alkaline metal hydroxide (KOH) solution.The electrolyte absorbing felt material 8 should be in the order of 200g/m² so as to provide a proper amount of free electrolyte on both sidesof the negative electrode paste 7 to insure effective diffusion of OHions to the negative electrode. This makes the practical efficiency ofthe negative electrode as high as 80% to 95%, depending on the dischargecurrent.

The two electrodes and the dielectric cups are stacked in plastic foilcup 9, which acts as the cell cover, before the cell is vacuum-sealedwith cover foil layer 5. The lower electrolyte felt 8 has a die-cutround hole 10 formed in its middle in order to facilitate the passingthrough of contact pin 4 of an adjacent cell. When, as a last step inassembling the cell, the cover foil 5 is sealed in a vacuum along theborders of cup 9, a hermetically-sealed cell is formed. This permitsatmospheric pressure to mold bag 7', producing a lens-like formation atthe hole 10 where contact pin 4 may penetrate into negative electrode 7when the battery is assembled.

In accordance with the teachings of this invention, a supporting plate11 is fixed in the middle of cup 9 on the outside thereof. As will bediscussed in more detail later, plate 11 may be fixed to cup 9 by hotmelt glue 12. Plate 11 is formed of a stiff plastic which may easily bepunctured by the pin 4. Examples of plastics suitable for plate 11 mightbe an 0.15 mm to 0.4 mm thick piece of plastic of PVC, shockproofpolystyrene, HD polyethylene, or polypropylene. The exact material anddimensions will vary with battery type, and may be optimizedexperimentally. While in FIG. 2, supporting plate 11 is shown as beingrectangular, the plate may be round, square, oval, or have some othershape. As may be seen in FIG. 3, the plate bulges outward slightly inthe middle in order to prevent it from becoming dented inwards when acontact pin 4 is pushed through. The stiffness of plate 11 may also beenhanced by heat forming a crisscross grid pattern in the plate usingknown techniques.

The dimensions of the plate 11 may be such that the plate covers roughlyhalf the area of the cell with the center of the plate at a pointsubstantially over the center of the cell. The sealing layer 12 does notneed to be as large as is shown in FIG. 2, and may in fact be only acircular spot located at the center of the plate and having a diameterroughly equal to the shortest distance from the center of the plate toan edge of the plate.

Referring to FIGS. 5A-5E, it is seen that a battery in accordance with apreferred embodiment of the invention is constructed by assembling avacuum-sealed cell 30 (FIG. 5A) in the manner previously described andby at the same time feeding a tape or roll 32 (FIG. 5B) of a materialsuitable for use as the plates 11 past a station 34 where hot melt glue36 is applied at selected intervals (or continuously) to both sides ofthe tape, utilizing standard equipment such as nozzles 38. Tape 32 isthen cut at points substantially midway between each hot melt glue spot36 (or at other selected intervals) by cutters 40 to form plates 11.Cells 30 are positioned with their negative electrode side adjacent tothe plates 11 and a plate 11 with the hot melt glue spots 36 thereon ispositioned at the center of the negative electrode side of each cell asshown in FIG. 5C. The hot melt glue spot secures the plate to the celland functions as the layer 12 previously described. Referring to FIG.5D, each cell, after the plate 11 is mounted thereto, is then stacked ina suitable fixture. Additional cells 30 are then mounted on top of eachother with the pin 4 of each cell piercing the plate 11, cover 9 and bag7' of the adjacent cell to make contact with negative electrode 7thereof (FIG. 5E). The hot melt glue spot 36 on the top of each plate 11is operative to secure the cell to which the plate is mounted to theadjacent cell, and provides a further seal to prevent any possibleelectrolyte leakage between the cells.

FIG. 4 shows a battery formed according to the teachings of thisinvention. Assuming each of the four cells of this battery is adapted toprovide a 1.5 V output, this battery would provide a 6 V output.Additional cells could be provided if a higher voltage output isdesired. A negative end plate 15 is provided, which is a steel plate towhich a contact pin 4 is fused, soldered, or formed as an integral part.A metal strip 16 is welded to plate 15 and connected to negative contactspring 17. Pin 4 makes contact with the negative electrode in the samemanner that pins 4 of the various cells make contact with thiselectrode. From FIG. 5D it is seen that a plate 11 is provided on thenegative side of the topmost electrode of the stack through which thepin 4 of plate 15 passes.

At the positive side of the battery, contact pin 4' of the bottom-mostcell is partly cut and is connected by soldering, welding, fusing orother suitable means to a metal strip 18 leading to the positive contactspring 19. The stack of cells 30 is secured together with a band 20between two cardboard plates 21 and 22, and a soft 0-ring 23 is providedaround contact pin 4' to effect a reliable seal without causingexcessive pressure to be applied to the cells, which pressure mightcause electrolyte to be squeezed from cups 8 and out of the area whereit is required. Reducing squeezing of electrolyte also reduces thelikelihood of electrolyte leaking from the cell. The entire assembly isthen mounted in a standard sealed casing 24, this step beingaccomplished in standard manner.

FIG. 3 illustrates a battery cell for an alternative embodiment of theinvention in which the supporting plate 13 is placed inside cell cover 9rather than outside as shown in FIG. 1. Plate 13 may be loose, or it maybe fixed to cover 9 by a hot melt glue, by heat sealing, by beingultrasonically fused before the formation of the battery cup orafterwards, or by other suitable means. The arrangement shown in FIG. 4has the advantage that the supporting plate is operative to clean thecontact pin of insulating glue before penetrating into negativeelectrode 7. This provides added assurance that good contact will bemade between the pin and the negative electrode over the entire area ofthe pin. However, with this embodiment of the invention, an additionaloperation is needed to provide an insulating layer 14 at the outside ofcover 9 in order to secure a leak-proof passage of contact pin 4 intothe cell. This embodiment of the invention thus does not lend itself toautomated construction of the type previously described as easily asdoes the embodiment of FIG. 1.

While the invention has been particularly shown and described above withreference to preferred embodiments, it is apparent that, for example,thinner plates may be provided on both the inside and outside of cover 9rather than utilizing a single plate (11 or 13) as shown in FIGS. 1 and3. Further, the method of securing the plate to the cover for bothembodiments of the invention may vary, and may include, for example,various fusing techniques. However, in all instances, this inventionprovides a means for preventing, or at least substantially inhibiting,denting of the cover 9, and preferably of the bag 7'0 when pin 4 ispressed against and ultimately punctures the negative side of the cellwhile still assuring good sealing of the punctured cell. With thislimitation, the foregoing and other changes in form and detail may bemade by one skilled in the art while still practicing the teachings ofthis invention.

What is claimed is:
 1. In a cell for an alkaline battery of the typehaving a positive electrode, a negative electrode in the form of a pastecontained within a sealed bag, a dielectric positioned at least betweenthe electrodes, a flexible package in which the electrodes anddielectric are sealed and a pointed conductor connected to the positiveelectrode of the cell and adapted to pierce the package and the negativeelectrode bag of an adjacent cell to make electrical contact with thenegative electrode paste of such cell when the cells are pressedtogether, thereby electrically connecting the two cells; a structure forenhancing sealing for the pierced cell comprising:a supportive plate forinhibiting denting of the negative electrode bag and the packageadjacent thereto of the pierced cell by the pointed conductor when thecells are pressed together; and means for mounting said plate to thenegative electrode side of said package.
 2. A structure as claimed inclaim 1 wherein said supporting plate is formed of a substantially stiffnonconducting material which may be easily punctured by the pointedconductor.
 3. A structure as claimed in claim 2 wherein said plate isformed of plastic.
 4. A structure as claimed in claim 2 wherein saidplate bulges outward slightly at its center.
 5. A structure as claimedin claim 2 wherein said plate has a predetermined grid pattern formedtherein to improve its stiffness.
 6. A structure as claimed in claim 2wherein said mounting means includes an adhesive layer between the plateand the package for securing the plate to the package, said adhesivelayer also performing a sealing function.
 7. A structure as claimed inclaim 6 wherein the adhesive layer is a hot melt glue.
 8. A structure asclaimed in claim 6 wherein the adhesive layer is applied to both sidesof said plate.
 9. A structure as claimed in claim 2 wherein saidmounting means mounts the plate outside the package, said mounting meansincluding means for securing the plate to the package.
 10. A structureas claimed in claim 2 wherein said mounting means mounts the plateinside the package; andincluding means mounted to the negative side ofthe cell for providing a seal about a pointed conductor entering thecell.
 11. An alkaline battery comprising a plurality of cells of thetype claimed in claim 1, said cells being mounted in a stack with thepointed conductor of one cell of each adjacent pair of cells piercingthe negative electrode bag and adjacent package of the other cell of thepair; andincluding means for making electrical connection to the pointedconductor extending from the cell at one end of the stack; and means formaking electrical connection to the negative electrode of the cell atthe other end of the stack.
 12. A battery as claimed in claim 11 whereineach cell includes a supporting plate of a substantially stiffnonconducting material which may be easily punctured by the pointedconductor; andwherein the pointed conductor of said one cell alsopierces the supporting plate of said other cell.
 13. A battery asclaimed in claim 12 wherein said negative electrode connection meansincludes a pointed conductor adapted to pierce the negative electrodebag, adjacent package and supporting plate of saidother-end-of-the-stack cell.